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Real estate, including houses and apartments, in Istanbul is generally more expensive compared to many other provinces in Turkey. Several factors contribute to this price difference:

1. Economic Center: Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and serves as the country's economic, cultural, and financial center. It attracts a significant number of businesses, investors, and job opportunities, leading to higher demand for housing in the city. The strong economic activity in Istanbul can drive up property prices.

2. Population Density: Istanbul has a high population density, making land and housing more scarce. The limited supply of available land for new developments and the high demand for housing create upward pressure on property prices.

3. Infrastructure and Amenities: Istanbul offers better infrastructure, amenities, and services compared to many other provinces. The city has well-developed transportation networks, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, shopping centers, and recreational areas, making it more attractive to residents and investors.

4. Tourism and Investment: Istanbul is a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year. The city's appeal as a tourist hotspot and a center for business and investment increases the demand for short-term rental properties and investment opportunities, which can influence property prices.

5. Historical and Cultural Value: Istanbul has a rich history and is home to numerous historical landmarks and cultural attractions. Properties with historical significance or those located in iconic areas often command higher prices due to their uniqueness and desirability.

6. Foreign Investment: Istanbul has been a target for foreign investors, particularly from the Gulf countries, Europe, and Central Asia. Foreign investment can drive up property prices as international buyers seek real estate in the city for various purposes, such as vacation homes, investment, or residency.

7. Speculation and Market Sentiment: Like in many large cities with a dynamic real estate market, speculation and market sentiment can also influence property prices. Expectations of future price appreciation can lead to increased demand and higher prices.

It's important to note that while Istanbul generally has higher real estate prices, there can still be significant variations in property values within the city itself, depending on the neighborhood, type of property, and other specific factors. Additionally, real estate markets are subject to fluctuations based on economic conditions, government policies, and other external factors.

The price of real estate can vary depending on the time period of construction due to several factors:

1. Age and condition: Older properties may require more maintenance and repairs, which can affect their value. Newer properties often have modern amenities and are in better condition, making them more desirable and, therefore, more expensive.

2. Design and architecture: Architectural styles and designs change over time. Properties built during popular or in-demand architectural periods may have higher value due to their unique features, historical significance, or aesthetic appeal.

3. Building codes and regulations: Building codes and regulations evolve over time, and newer constructions often have to meet more stringent requirements in terms of safety, energy efficiency, accessibility, and other factors. Compliance with the latest codes and regulations can increase construction costs, which may be reflected in the price of the property.

4. Technological advancements: Newer constructions often incorporate the latest technological advancements, such as smart home systems, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. These features can increase the desirability and value of the property.

5. Location and demand: The location of a property plays a significant role in its value, regardless of the construction period. However, the demand for properties in certain areas may change over time. Factors such as infrastructure development, proximity to amenities, schools, transportation, and employment opportunities can influence the desirability and value of real estate.

6. Historical significance: Some properties gain value over time due to their historical significance or cultural heritage. These properties may be protected by preservation laws and regulations, making them more desirable to buyers and potentially driving up their prices.

It's important to note that these factors are not exhaustive, and the real estate market can be influenced by various other economic, social, and environmental factors. Real estate prices are ultimately determined by the interplay of supply and demand dynamics, along with the unique characteristics and features of each property.